1. yc4y20发动机配哪些车型

塔吊证也叫做特种操作资格证，由住房和城乡建设厅颁发，有效期6年，2年要年审1次。报考塔吊证需要通过住房和城乡建设部门官方指定的网上进行报名或者通过认可的专门培训进行现场报名。

考试基本信息

报考条件

国家职业资格证书五级（初级）（具备下列条件之一者）

1、经本职业初级正规培训达规定标准学时数，并取得结业证书。

2、在本职业连续见习工作2年以上。

国家职业资格证书四级（中级）（具备下列条件之一者）

1、取得本职业初级职业资格证书后，连续从事本职业工作1年，经本职业中级正规培训达规定标准学时数，并取得结业证书。

2、取得本职业初级职业资格证书后，连续从事本职业工作3年以上。

3、连续从事本职业工作4年以上，经本职业中级正规培训达规定标准学时数，并取得结业证书。

4、连续从事本职业工作6年以上。

5、取得经劳动和社会保障部门审核认定的、以中级技能为培养目标的中等以上职业学校相关专业的毕业证书。

国家职业资格证书三级（高级）（具备下列条件之一者）

1、取得本职业中级职业资格证书后，连续从事本职业工作2年以上，经本职业高级正规培训达规定标准学时数，并取得结业证书。

2、取得本职业中级职业资格证书后，连续从事本职业工作4年以上。

3、连续从事本职业工作9年以上，经本职业高级正规培训达规定标准学时数，并取得结业证书。

4、取得劳动保障行政部门审核认定的、以高级技能为培养目标的高级技工学校或高等职业学校相关专业的毕业证书。

5、取得本专业或相关专业大专以上毕业证书，经本职业高级正规培训达规定标准学时数，并取得结业证书。

6、取得本专业或相关专业大专以上毕业证书，连续从事本职业工作2年以上。

登陆中华人民共和国应急管理部（http:///large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/47440fc03abe4478b537eadd0acbefd9","width":1483},"text":"","id":"doxcny4KKOamIsMs0IZzeOzRvcg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":492,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国家职业资格证书三级（高级）","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"（具备下列条件之一者）","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3df21f98f5414df083ae072b5389d944","width":1004},"text":"","id":"doxcnKGQqcUeQ4EAoEJo4Xijv6f"}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4iigCkEo8O2Ceu7FKerNTc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考时间\u0026考试时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4iigCkEo8O2Ceu7FKerNTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"驾驶员考试报名时间为:1月1日至12月31日，全年可随时报考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC6SMsWIuWSemOKa3oEUIpd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科目介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk2SiuKiQUSCsoLhnx82UVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"危险源告知、高空坠落、物体打击","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wOASimGA0MeMAs9zBWgSV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊司机安全操作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMOGS24Q8CEQAa0s8hOvCzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、操作人员应经培训考试合格取得“特种作业人员操作证”后，凭操作证操作，严禁无证开机，严禁非驾驶人员进入驾驶室内。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oEa46cYEYWOump5ydcZRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、开机前应认真检查钢丝绳、吊钩、吊具有无磨损裂纹和损坏现象，传动联接部位螺钉是否松动，各部电器元件是否良好，线路连接是否安全可靠，传动部分、润滑部分是否正常，并进行空运转，待一切正常后方可使用。行走式塔吊作业前，检查轨道应平直，无沉陷，轨道螺栓无松动，排除轨道上的障碍物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny4gMIQocY6CeUKjlfwATT2"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、工作时应服从指挥，坚守岗位，集中精力，精心操作，严禁吊钩有重物时离开驾驶室，操作中做到二慢一快， 即：起吊、下落慢，中间快。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE2aki2Sk0uwueuUdfkLykc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、下降吊钩或吊物件时，如遇信号不明，发现下面有人或吊钩前面有障碍物时应立即发出信号，服从指挥人员信号指挥。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUwKceQEIkEMyglKs2W6MZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、操纵控制器时，应从停止点转到第- -档，然后依次按级增加速度,严禁越档操作，提倡文明开机，开机时由慢到快，停机时由快到慢,机未停妥严禁变换行驶方向。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8euwm0QIUc244EbmYTknSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、驾驶员必须服从指挥员的信号指挥，操作前应先鸣号后开机。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4cGMIKciCsgaKUI4NSk9Tg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、吊运重物应高于前进方向所有障碍物2米。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4UIOMOYm4YeoOcFc1wLYAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、遇有下列情况严禁起吊：（1）起重指挥信号不明或乱指挥不吊；（2）超负荷不吊；（3）工作紧固不牢不吊；（4）吊物上有人不吊；（5）安装装置不灵不吊；（6）工件埋在地下不吊；（7）斜拉工件不吊；（8）光线阴暗看不清不吊；（9）小配件或短料盛过满不吊；（10）棱角物件没有采取包垫等护角措施不吊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmwACMqO0aYcGI1alVyou3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、操作时发现塔吊工作不正常、安全装置失灵应立即停止操作，切断电源，汇报主管部门组织检修，待正常后使用。在高空修理必须戴好安全带。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncOQE2eIIcKmiUbSnNBh7Lc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、下班前将吊钩提升到离臂杆顶端23米处，松开回旋机构制动装置，使其顺风源自有摆动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne8Ue8C2004U8uSJtbn9Zxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"起重指挥","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkAa8Ucm8kKA6yh1q4HiBW0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、起重指挥应有技术熟练、懂得起重机械性能的人员担任，指挥时应站到能够顾到全面工作的地点，所发出的信号应事事统一，并做到准确、洪亮、清楚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6MEkIuoM2Y8ECahXM54eCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、严禁酒后指挥作业。80T以上的设备及构件，风力达五级时应停止吊装，遇到大雨、大雪、大雾或阵风达六级以上时，吊装也应停止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYUYyyCwCEuiewP53v2m5ef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、所有人员严禁在起重臂和吊起的重物下面停留或行走。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuQgk0Was6WgcplkUGQHnjt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、有缺陷的卸甲、轧头严禁使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWGc6iaGgacIkCEyFGRXuHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、钢丝绳如有扭结、变形、断丝、锈蚀等异常现象，应降低使用标准或报废。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQcQIWGYokaukiucuQSVZ4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、编结绳扣应使各股松紧一致， 编结部分的长度不得小于钢丝绳直径的五倍，并且不短于30cm，用轧头轧成的绳扣，轧头不少于三只。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA2Uag00CwUO0KitqieEcMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、腐朽木材不得做地锚使用，如发现有沟坑，地下管线等情况，应及时报告施工负责人采取措施。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK6ay2q6YAKeG047MjUxuNc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试日程安排","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwSWsCEoQ8mSia2p1664nYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"体检","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGycaIQ4WYGyIUZuz8tVEuc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在取得塔吊工作证之前，首先要前往安监部门线下申请。获得申请之后，进行体检确认是否具有塔吊的相关身体条件。体检地方可以选择当地的疾病控制中心或者正规医院，做完体检后，取得考试人员的健康证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSMksGyokQkE6GGqWksTFRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"体检包括、视力、四肢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyco6e0Yekeu06Xh91UYFMc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"相关材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniAagmmGIyScq4LCs4ejW5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按照相关规定，从事塔吊行业的年龄规定为18岁~60岁之间。准备身份证、学历证明（毕业证）就可以了，拥有初中以上文化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA4IwOce2eS2AEmUKf2Zudb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Y0EA6yaiQOeADQnatH4ne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拿着相关材料到当地的行政服务中心大厅找到安监局窗口进行报名，工作人员会给一张《特种作业安全技术培训考核申请表》，根据申请表上的要求，进行填写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIUg22EOoWW0S6pfNqJ4Kcc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试科目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw2OskgkWkamKcA9W9g0yXl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"理论考试：一百道题(选择加判断)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWk4Oci8wws0eM5bjbcVVRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实操科目：倒桩加九项，九项抽选。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnauoamw8Mac4IkR5zguVuwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"必考为：倒桩加移库、侧方位停车、半坡起步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnckWQoCCQc8WkiWillKWeSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"再抽选其它一项，例如百米加减档、压井盖、直角拐弯、起伏路、限速限宽门等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneQEyeS4GC04Ke8EmZmUhSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"路考(抽白天考或夜考，二抽一)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnACsuWwYqAcCEX92BbyUteH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"题型和分值","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn22qieMm0cGuuOWartH2hsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"理论考试是笔试形式，实行百分制，六十分及格，考试时长为两个小时。一般理论考试不会太难，都是些基础知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneQog2aQeOMi0kdibmudM9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实操考试满分100分，要70分及格，并且有一次当场补考的机会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0EeYQ4ioI4gyqEQGxf076L"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊实操考试的规则是，在两分钟之内操作吊钩，从指定地点A落到指定地点B，视为考试合格。超时一分钟扣15分，超时两分钟扣30分，碰到障碍物扣15分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniw00C0wIkY60whEOsiFPBf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"合格标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQS0YkCSsKQGq0YiXKLM8Le"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"理论考试是笔试形式，实行百分制，六十分及格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuSwkm4EYQge2GWU3qUe9sh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实操考试满分100分，要70分及格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyQuO4KGmcUgOaE9dzbasWg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOmu0YYGOweykbKjTNqozJF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊证通过理论和实践操作考试成绩合格后，一般一个月左右出证。相关规定是特种作业操作证一般约为20天到30天左右取得操作证证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8YG2WKc0iqkfWFQz4C5b2"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本人领取：需携带有效身份证件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny4Q88su80a2O6Y0bJicmjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"他人代领：需携带代领人及持证人有效身份证件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniqaQc4CQCsAsSEKdiU01Ab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"邮寄领取：因疫情原因，许多考区推荐采取邮寄的方式发放，考生依照要求填写本人邮寄信息，证书到达一般需本人持身份证件进行领取。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS6aYUwYoIimIcBPYtTax9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各地领取方式略有不同，具体领取要求以当地发布通知为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOoWOokAUacqkMhECrh88gh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMY0WqcW8ai4Gknwpy2hllg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncKwiSECea0uW8v3eJ7u3yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有不少学员因为操作不熟练，考试超时导致不通过，所以有条件的学员还是要多多练习，实际动手操作，通过的几率才更大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncCyU2ey42Y6sYhxTroADze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"起重作业的培训要求和目标:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw4CGKAk0CCmcOsHNxzQlhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.掌握蒸汽吊装时右手手柄控制吊钩升降的使用方法和安全注意事项。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm4SOa0iuUAUwZIprxz09hi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.掌握左手柄的使用方法和安全注意事项，以控制小钩在蒸汽提升过程中的升降。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQCmeCgwEqmA46SdAOi3LKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.掌握蒸汽吊车右手把的使用方法和安全注意事项，以控制吊臂的升降。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncSKU2Q6k2SoyYpCHDuMEBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.掌握左手柄的操作方法，控制蒸汽吊车的上部左右转动。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8sMuWUOIkcsIYphEzN0dBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"稳钩操作的训练要求和目标","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyIYuoAsUow0gNcSKuIook1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.掌握蒸汽吊车状态下稳定吊钩的安全操作程序和要领。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2kUIwICimKamy8MXvSPMbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.掌握蒸汽吊车吊挂时小钩的安全操作程序和要领。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni6CKUOWwAkGEOegNDX5q4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.掌握蒸汽起重机负载不同重量时起重臂的操作方法和要领。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkESkkqWqOGkEWERC5Lzxge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握蒸汽吊装不同载荷时伸缩臂的操作方法和要领。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnACyIco2Mse0OKWULBxhWqk"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊司机必须掌握基本的安全知识和技能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUya2aia68yOQK5pLdUuSR3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"口诀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4muY4goIay48oJyTsKv5yb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上塔前，听我言，罗嗦几句莫心烦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwoSAOUO4MmcYT4hwg3Wph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"莫带物，两手空，手脚利索身体轻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAeMOkisWkIco6RlrEkUzLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有工具，装袋里，系牢绳索拔上去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmIgUW2WOQI6iCYmHGPRN0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具在你口袋装，攀爬掉落把人伤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw20S4u0IemYAXYa4yOIZO5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"爬梯，步步停，一步登天不可能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniGMAWWoGE6uMMFih2Ed3fg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手抓稳，脚踩牢，不要老是往上瞧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyuwWu2Uye8wQMTNs6glMte"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是多高，还是多高，慢慢攀爬莫心焦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM2ke0io8MOaaUfxsbsusCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"到塔顶，稍停，看看各处钢丝绳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnagYO8YeEw2IgTrSpGGlMEM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排列齐，无毛病，安全才能有保证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMcc8scsU2kmuSGBtbK8wmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"驾驶室，一平米，档位开关加座椅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOESUkYAcC8MiSsUV2rm3Ye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然累，先莫坐，检查电源无差错。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny4qS2uSCKA6sGKGl7Q389g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全帽，和手套，摘下放好下塔要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSgGmaemkW0eQO0Rts2MkLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐在椅上，喘口气，鸟瞰楼群和工地。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY6oQkOMySA4cQ5qNcaagDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前俯身，往下看，今天工人该咋干？","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA4Gw0YmOKWwu8zdVFuXKHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"头略动，眼睛观，建材分别在哪边？","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncuq8wC0KqiuighydYrKBJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"了然于胸心有数，有的放矢地走近路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4yMYeMKQEOYMgX1FVe7zKf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对讲机，伸手拿，高速指挥开始吧！ ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGyq6MOWAOGOUeMcFHZnhRx"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"操作规范","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4gIiioWyImu0e4ZbCYm7vd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊司机应在得到地面的指挥信号后进行操作，而且操作前应当按响电铃，以提醒相关人员注意，塔机将要运行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqKm48KeouG2G6x3zNepJ8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"操作时应集中精力，随时观察吊钩的运行情况和位置，注意周围是否有障碍物存在。下班时，吊钩须升到最高障碍物以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSQEEyWKcsa4s6dHaHNqdPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要熟练掌握重物惯性作用，提前降速和停车。要会运用稳钩技术，就要学习惯性力产生原因的力学知识，灵活控制运行速度，准确对位，防止碰撞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKEGQaMqk6ak6kt5TGp45Sh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当塔吊下面有碰撞对象时，应提前升起吊钩避免相碰，因为惯性摆动难以控制容易发生碰撞。反之放吊钩时不能过低，以免吊钩摆动伤人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno24CCAG04qAEsrgJSKwgac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当有人在塔机上进行维修作业时，严禁启动运行。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnikqwyIKUIka6alhlbaNBbb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"倒车移库的注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna2mk8AkeqoKK4SGmzy7sWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"倒车","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8sqSuCUkyOaGaCWvzvtvRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"车辆与底线平行(前轮回正，可看方向盘和左前轮是否正) ,车身距8号线80-100厘米为宜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIYAyyI6G28gCEfZ83L1l8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"挂倒挡，松手刹，离合器慢慢抬到半联动，启动后压稳离合调整好车速，慢速向后倒车(左手单手打方向) ;回头向右后方观察车尾，当1、4杆即将重合时(20厘米左右，当车尾到达B库中心线时)，逐渐向右打死方向。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqQqqIsWOcUaWecsCXnp1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"确认车身右方能安全通过2号杆时，身体转至左边观察3、4号杆，并保持车尾与3号杆30厘米距离，当车尾即将入库时，迅速左打(根据不同情况回打)、适量修正，保持车身与3、4号杆平行。观察好车尾，随时注意左右修正方向，保证车轮与地面线距离为30cm左右。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" 当车身即将到达A库底线时，迅速停车(车上观察,视觉上车尾刚过4号杆，此时车尾刚好到达底线)。注意：第一次打死，早打点比晚打好，早打一点还可以回一把，晚打车过了就没法调整了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOwOmIgcGiAKaO4gk0sMqXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"移库","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYAyakYSAeg8oikRtQixaDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二进二退，将车丛车库底完全移进右库底，且除两库的中间共角线外，车辆的任何部位不碰线、不碰杆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0G2Cc2QqAU2oItnoKjF9Hg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一进(右左右) ：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno02k4mGgSCAGETfh9LYhZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、挂一挡，车起步后，立即将方向向右打死(2圈方向)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2GYWg2KKAQqmop8gZDzFvf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、当车头左前角对准前中杆时，立即将方向向左打死(4圈方向） 2号杆对准车头中部时，迅速向石回2圈方向(即方向回正)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno628QiaG0O8KUwAtcDyRrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一退(右左右)：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmy4eY0UYYww6Ss4nacMfud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、换倒挡，起步后，迅速向右打死并保持。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUKwAWmkyqAGEIz4y6c7x4C"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、当水槽对准3号杆时，迅速向左打死方向(4圈方向)。 (从左倒车镜观察，当左后轮接近两库中线时，迅速将方向向左打死）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneSG2cQYkwUK6usAxIuM1ne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、当车身与库中线平行时(从左倒车镜观察) ，迅速将方向向右回正，(2圈方向) 当身尾接近底线时，一下就行了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWYOwUuEO6a0QKouCGwqzfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"技巧：第一次进道尽量多往右一些，这样第二次进退象征性调整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMMYeO2cMGyq8K4r11CHhCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二进：起步后， 根据军身情况，适量往右打方向，再往左打方向，然后向右回正方向(通过三把方向，使车再向右平行移动一小块)， 在车不碰前杆的距离，停车。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsMGwwSmEeQUewd4EaiCHxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二退：后退时，视车身、边线平行的情况，适度调整后，接近底线时，停车，此时车身不能出任何一条边线，四个轮应在B库各条线内。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnakUqWIm4yUSKSOQIKjVdCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWk0CkAeUyCCiUbc3eZGPc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

2. yc4e140-20发动机参数

发动机型号YC4E135-21

发动机品牌玉柴

发动机系列YC4E系列

发动机厂商玉柴

适配范围轻型卡车

进气形式增压中冷

汽缸数4

燃料种类柴油

汽缸排列形式直列

排量4.257L

排放标准国二/欧二

最大输出功率100kW

额定转速2800rpm

最大马力135马力

最大扭矩392N.m

最大扭矩转速1400-1700rpm

全负荷最低燃油耗率200g/kW.h

发动机形式立式、直列、水冷、四冲程、直喷

发动机净重380kg

一米外噪音99dB

缸径x行程110x112mm

3. yc4y20发动机怎么样

现代1.6Lγ发动机最大功率为90.4kW/6300rpm，最大扭矩155Nm/4200rpm 从缸体材料来看，采用了最新的铝合金缸体材料，相比许多传统的铸铁发动机来说，发动机重量得到了有效的减轻，从而带来车身重量降低和燃油经济性的提升。

现代1.6Lγ发动机还使用了金属正时链条。一般配有正时皮带的发动机达到一定的时间就需定时更换，而金属正时链条则实现了终身免维护，也为新悦动的车主做到了经济、省心。同排量车型中当之无愧的明星

4. YC4E140-30发动机参数

发动机参数

发动机型号 YC4E140-42

发动机品牌 玉柴

发动机系列 YC4E系列

发动机厂商 玉柴

适配范围 4×2中型、轻型运输车；4×2市政环卫车

进气形式 增压中冷

汽缸数 4

燃料种类 柴油

汽缸排列形式 直列

排量 4.26L

排放标准 国四

最大输出功率 103kW

额定转速 2600rpm

最大马力 140马力

最大扭矩 430N.m

最大扭矩转速 1300-1600rpm

全负荷最低燃油耗率 ≤196g/kW.h

发动机形式 立式、直列四缸、水冷、四冲程、电控直喷

发动机净重 420kg

一米外噪音 ≤97dB

缸径x行程 110x112mm

每缸气门数 2个

5. YC4E140_30是什么发动机

发动机型号 YC4E140-56

排量 4.26L

排放标准 国五

最大输出功率 103kW

额定转速 2600rpm

最大马力 140马力

发动机品牌 玉柴

发动机系列 YC4E系列

发动机厂商 广西玉柴机器股份有限公司

适配范围 中型自卸车、载货车、8吨汽车起重机

进气形式 增压中冷

汽缸数 4

燃料种类 柴油

汽缸排列形式 直列

排量 4.26L

排放标准 国五

最大输出功率 103kW

额定转速 2600rpm

最大马力 140马力

最大扭矩 500N.m

最大扭矩转速 1300-1600rpm

全负荷最低燃油耗率 197g/kW.h

发动机形式 立式、直列、水冷、四冲程

发动机净重 430kg

行程 110x112mm

每缸气门数 2个

6. YC4EC220_50发动机

汽缸数:4，燃料种类:柴油，排量(L)3.983L，最大输出功率:75kw，额定转速:2800r/min，最大马力:102马力，最大扭矩转速(r/min)1600~2000r/min，外形尺寸mm

7. yc4da3-30发动机参数

发动机型号 YC4FA130-40

发动机品牌 玉柴

发动机系列 YC4FA系列

发动机厂商 玉柴

适配范围 总质量3.5-6T轻型运输车

进气形式 增压中冷

汽缸数 4

燃料种类 柴油

汽缸排列形式 直列

排量 2.982L

排放标准 国四

最大输出功率 95kW

额定转速 3200rpm

最大马力 130马力

最大扭矩 340N.m

最大扭矩转速 1600-2400rpm

全负荷最低燃油耗率 ≤210g/kW.h

发动机形式 立式、直列、水冷、四冲程、直喷

发动机净重 320kg

一米外噪音 ≤117dB

缸径x行程 96x103mm

每缸气门数 2个

8. yc4y20发动机参数

玉柴4112柴油机最低功率是105千瓦时转速为2400r/min。

YC4112ZQ(YC4112ZLQ)是四缸发动机，2.5L的YC4FQ、YC4FB发动机、2.7L的YC4F发动机，3.0L的YC4FA发动机；其中，除了YC4Y发动机只配套乘用车、YC4R只配套工程、发电机、船用外，其他各型号发动机都可以根据实际需要进行不同的配置。

9. yc4e180-30发动机参数

发动机参数

发动机型号 YC4FA120-40

发动机品牌 玉柴

发动机系列 YC4FA系列

发动机厂商 玉柴

适配范围 总质量3.5-6吨轻型运输车

进气形式 增压中冷

汽缸数 4

燃料种类 柴油

汽缸排列形式 直列

排量 2.982L

排放标准 国四

最大输出功率 88kW

额定转速 2800rpm

最大马力 120马力

最大扭矩 345N.m

最大扭矩转速 1600-2400rpm

全负荷最低燃油耗率 ≤203g/kW.h

发动机形式 BOSCH共轨EGR+POC+DOC

发动机净重 300kg

一米外噪音 ≤95dB

缸径x行程 96×103mm

每缸气门数 2个

10. yc4dc2-30发动机参数

行书，是一种书法统称，分为行楷和行草两种。在楷书的基础上发展，是介于楷书、草书之间的一种字体，是为了弥补楷书的书写速度太慢和草书的难于辨认而产生的。"行"是"行走"的意思，因此它不像草书那样潦草，也不像楷书那样端正。

行书特点

行书作为一种有别于其他字体的独立字体，自然在笔画形态、用笔方法、部首写法以及结构上都有其自身的一些特点。

行笔增速

行书的行笔增速是相对楷书而言的。行书在增速上，不仅表现在笔画与笔画出现牵丝映带、以圆转代替方折，还表现在笔顺的改变和以简代繁甚至借用草书的一些写法上等等。但是在书写时不能为了快而快，造成笔笔相连如蜘蛛网一样。

笔画线条多变

楷如立，行如走，行书的走体现在笔画的流动性而形成的动感上。起笔多以露锋起笔，笔画之间增加呼应等，下面仅从四个方便加以说明：

附笔连接

所谓附笔，就是一个字的原来笔画顺势而出现的附加笔画（比较细、比较虚）。如点、横画与下面的笔画衔接时，出现附钩；与上面的笔画衔接时出现附挑；长撇收笔处往往出现明显的起钩，看上去与“钩”没有什么不同，实际上是撇画的附钩。如图：

这些附钩、附挑与上笔、下笔连接的呼应关系极为明显，使笔画脉络相通，活泼流畅、动感十足。但要注意，这些附钩、附挑的出现，是行笔过程中起笔和收笔留下的自然痕迹，不可有意去描摹追求。否则会失去天然美。

以圆代方

行书的转折笔画，方笔明显减少，而以圆代替方折，这是由于行笔增快的原因。转折处省略了提按的顿笔，圆转而过，使笔画圆润自然。如图：

变直为弧

楷书要求横平竖直，而行书的横竖由于行笔增快，为了增强笔画之间的呼应关系，长横和长竖的写法有的稍带弧形。如图：

但不是所有的横、竖都作弧形，如中竖就要挺直，即便是稍带有弧形的笔画，也要有一定的力度，柔中见刚。

以简代繁

楷书的笔画各自独立，其笔画数目严格遵循汉字规范，一个字由几个笔画就写几个笔画。写行书时，为了书写简便，往往将相邻的笔画连写，合并线条，或对楷书的某些部位做了简化，减少起、收笔的次数。

楷书的钩画，在书写行书时，多省略了起钩。如图：

行书的基本笔画点画，可以代替横、竖、撇、捺笔画。如图：

行书的部首在楷书的基础上出现连笔，减少了笔画数，使书写更加方便。如图：

笔顺变化

行书的笔顺大部分遵循楷书笔顺规则，但为了连写便捷，一篇字中有时会出现一些人们习惯使用的行草书字形，有些字就改变了常规的笔画顺序。如图（楷书6笔，行书3笔）：

体势变化

由于行书的笔画较之楷书发生了一些变化，其结果也随着带来了变化。大体有以下几种情况：

1、一个字有多种写法

如“是”字下半部分，“花”字的字头，写得有放有缩，同中有异，多样而统一，颇有趣味。如图：

2.打破楷书端庄方正的束缚，略带攲斜，自成新的体势

如横画可以较大幅度上斜，笔画的走向也可以略偏离原来楷书的轨道。这就在不同程度上改变了楷书的体势，使整篇字中的个体和群体都变得自由活泼了，避免了楷书的呆板。如图：

行书运笔技巧

笔画运行

硬笔行书的基本笔画，在书写时都有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。

所谓起笔，就是开始书写笔画笔尖触纸时的下笔；行笔，就是书写笔画的中间运笔；收笔，就是笔画书写结束时的用笔。如写横画，左为起笔，中为行笔，右为收笔，等等。起笔有轻有重，行笔有快有慢，收笔有回有露。例如：

提笔、按笔

硬笔行书的用笔也讲究提按，以增强笔画的粗细变化和轻重的节奏。所谓提笔，就是笔从纸面提起，笔尖触纸力度小，笔画要细；所谓按笔，就是笔尖在纸上往下按，笔尖触纸力度大，笔画要粗一些。如图：

翻笔、折笔

翻笔，一般是向上取逆势，上一笔接下一笔出现的钩挑。如“古”字的横，“人”、“有”的撇都是用翻笔写成的。折笔，一般是向下、向右取顺势，如“口”字的横折、“山”字的竖折，都是用这笔写成的。不论翻笔、折笔，都要求用笔慢而有力。如图：

侧笔

侧笔主要取字的姿态，笔画的下笔处比较方折，显得刚劲有力。如“五、方”等字的长横，“永、广”等字的侧点，“志”字的中竖，“个”字的斜撇等，都是侧笔写成的。如图：

涩笔

涩笔，书写时故意放慢行笔速度，认为制造行笔阻力。目的在于强调线条的质感，多用于竖钩、竖弯钩等笔画。如图：

游笔

游笔似行云流水，用笔流畅、便捷，多用于钩画字的轮廓，以增加线条的流动。如图：

掠笔

掠笔也叫牵丝，书写时将笔轻提，一带而过。掠笔的作用是牵引笔画，加强上一笔画与下一笔画之间的联系。但要注意，掠笔使用要自然，不能笔笔都用牵丝或人为地去描摹。如图：

叠笔

叠笔，就是在原来的行笔路线上重返进行。这种方法，可以使局部笔画变得丰润。需要注意的是重叠的距离不能过长。如图：

行书笔画

基本笔画

笔画是构成字的基本要素，练习基本笔画是书写汉字的基本功训练。行书笔画是在楷书笔画的基础上增加速度和流动感，有时可直接使用楷法，有时增加牵丝，钩挑或弧形笔画。

点

1、带勾点是由点带出勾挑，如“不”字，目的是牵引下一字。写法是先顺势写长点，用笔要由轻而重、由左而右，勾时再用力顿一下，然后迅速向左下勾出。带勾点要有一定的弯势，不能生硬僵直；线条要遭劲流利，不能软弱迟疑。

2、带下点是指上下两点一笔带下，如“淤”（于）字。写法是落笔写上点，用力顿一下，再提笔写下点，最后再用力顿一下，迅速勾出。上点略侧，下点稍平，上下点之间，用一细细的牵丝相连。使上下连贯、粗细分明，有形态、有动势。

3、带右点是由左点带出右点，如“以”字。写法是用笔轻落重按先写左点，然后提笔写右点，略顿一下用力向右上趯出，趯勾要短小。写带右点时左点要大右点要小，如两点差不多大，就缺少变化。

4、合二点是指左右两点相呼相应，如“六”字。写法是轻落重按写左点，然后用力向右上勾出，再顺着勾势写右点，最后用力向左下撇出。合二点虽然中间没有牵丝相连，但要一气呵成，左点与右点之间应左高右低，遥相呼应。

横

1、下勾横是指横画下面带勾，如“然”字。“然”字下面本来是四点，现改写为一横画，是采用了草书写法。写法是落笔略顿，再向右写横，至末端用力折笔向左下勾出。

2、上挑横是指横画上面带挑，如“古”字。写法是在写好一横后，再用力一顿翻笔上挑而出．上挑横与下勾横不同处是末端收笔的方向不一样，前者上挑，后者下勾；上挑是为了顺势写上画，下勾是为了开启下笔。

竖

1、悬针竖是指竖画下面尖尖的如针倒悬，如“半”字。写法是落笔略顿，接着由上而下、由重而轻写竖画。悬针竖要如针垂直端悬，不能东斜西倒。

2、垂露竖是指竖画下面不失如露水倒垂，如“申”字。写法是落笔略顿，接着由上而下写竖画，至末端再略顿一下，回锋收笔。垂露竖的两端用笔重而中间用笔轻，两端书写速度慢而中间书写速度快，竖中带挺呈曲势，如人挺立，显得精神饱满。

3、曲勾竖是指竖画下端带曲勾，如“抑”字。写法是写好一竖后，末端收笔时顺势向左下迅速勾出。曲勾竖的竖中略带曲势，并非一味地端直。

4、仰勾竖是指竖画下端带仰勾，如“隆”字。写法是落笔写竖画，至末端再用力向右上勾出。。仰勾竖与曲勾竖的差别是前者仰勾向上、由左而右，后者曲勾向下、由右而左；前者是承上笔，后者是启下画。

撇

1、回锋撇是指撇画下端回锋向上，如“化”字。写法是落笔稍重，随着向左下写撇，至撇尾再回锋向上收笔。因为撇尾回锋收笔，并非出锋收笔。所以撇尾不失而圆。

2、挑脚撇是指撇画下端挑脚向上，如“今”字。写法与回锋撇同，只是收笔时挑脚而出呈勾状。一般说，回锋撇往往是撇后写竖，笔势角度小，挑脚撇往往是撇后写捺，笔势角度大。

3、斜撇斜撇是楷书写法，撇端尖尖的，如“余”字。写法是落笔稍重，然后逐渐提笔向左下撇出，撇时要轻灵不要迟疑，而且力要送到撇尖。

4、平撇平撇在字头，短小而平，如“重”字。写法是落笔重，略顿，随后提笔迅速撇出。平撇的形态有点象鸟啄，短小尖锐。

捺

1、斜捺是指捺画斜而长，如“秦”字。斜捺在汉字中往往与斜撇相配，如同人的左右手。写法是顺着撇势轻落笔，略横行，接着转笔向右下方写。捺时要稍用力，随即向右平捺出。斜捺的形态是一波三折，故又称“波画”。

2、回锋捺是指斜捺的捺脚收笔处不是出锋而是回锋，如“天”字。写法与斜捺同，只是最后回锋收笔，露出下尖勾，目的是为了书写下一字。

3、反捺是从斜捺、回锋捺变化而来，如“木”字。写法是轻落笔，触纸后徐徐用力向右下行笔，然后用力向左下勾出。

4、圆曲捺是指游水捺的三弯处圆曲如环。写法是先落笔写一点，接着顺势写一竖，再提笔向右拐弯，然后回锋或藏锋收笔。写回曲捺要注意两点，一是拐弯要圆曲不能生硬，二是捺尾要圆浑不能尖利。

5、平捺在字的下面起托的作用，因比字头或字中的斜捺角度较小波画较平而名之，如“之”字。写法是回锋落笔，略横，随着向右下用笔，然后用力平平捺出。平捺与斜捺一样，形态是一波三折，有一种流动的势态。

6、挑勾捺是指平捺的捺脚上挑，如“超”字。写法是写好平捺后，捺脚不平出，而是顺势上挑成勾状，目的是为了便于写“走”字里面的部分。挑勾捺其实是在平捺快写后顺着笔势自然形成的一种写法，不可勉强为之。

挑

1、短挑是挑画的一种，线条短小，如“地”字。短挑在行书中是承着其他点画书写而出，短小精锐，恰似一把短剑。写法是落笔后略顿，随即逐渐提笔用力挑出。

2、撇折挑是指撇和挑连写，如“福”字。写法是先写一撇，然后折笔用力向右上迅速挑出，撇折挑要注意折处，书写时点画务必交待清楚，不能含含糊糊，拖泥带水。

勾

1、蟹爪勾是指竖勾屈曲似蟹爪，如“寺”字。写法是先写竖画，然后转笔向左行笔，再翻笔向上勾出。蟹爪勾是竖勾的变化写法，形态优美、线条雄健、气势酣畅。

2、戈勾即戈字勾，如“戊”字。写法是侧锋落笔，然后纵笔而下，勾时用力翻笔向上勾出。戈画平中带弧有韧劲，刚中含柔见纵势。

3、背抛勾是指从背面反抛勾出，如“夙”字。写法是顺势写上横画，拐弯时折笔而下，然后宛转提笔写下弯画，再翻笔向左上勾出。背抛勾转弯抹角处不能生硬有棱角，勾尖要向内，对着字心首画。

4、浮鹅勾因形同白鹅浮绿水而名，如“毛”字。写法是落笔稍重，接着用笔向下写直画，随即提笔拐弯写横，最后翻笔向上勾出。浮鹅勾要鹅头高昂，鹅身平正，方正中呈圆势，态度雍容大方，气宇轩昂不几。

5、回锋勾如同回锋捺是斜捺的快写形式一样，回锋勾是浮鹅勾的快写形式，如“也”字。写法是顺势写竖横圆曲折，然后翻笔由上绕一小圈向下勾出。回锋勾与浮鹅勾的不同处除了勾的形式和方向不一样外，是回锋勾的竖横向内圆曲而浮鹅勾的竖横向外开拓。向内圆曲的比较宛转流利，向外开拓的比较雄健挺拔。

折

1、横勾折是指横画加折勾，如“罪”字。写法是落笔先写横画，折时稍用力向左下方勾出。横勾折不仅要横与勾的笔画分明，而且转折要自然有力。

2、竖勾折是指竖画加折勾，如“问”字。写法是先写竖画，要心胸挺起，折时不妨笔略提起，再顿下去，然后迅速向左上勾出。

3、曲折在行书中用得很多，凡是撇捺连续快写都成曲折，如“根”字。写法是落笔写撇画，接着向右折笔，再随即向下勾。曲折形似闪电，富于动态。

4、撇捺折是撇捺的连写，但书写较工整，如“衣”字。写法是落笔稍重，再逐渐提笔写撇，然后回锋向右下方写反捺，即成。撇捺折在撇捺的交接处要连写，要有折的风味。

5、三弯折是指三弯折曲折成三弯，如“乃”字。写法是先落笔写横，再折笔写弯，接着顺势向下弯出。三弯折要折而有韧劲，弯曲自然舒展。

6、内勾折是由横撇折的外勾变为内勾，如“序”字。写法是写好横画后，接着翻笔写撇，撇要成内包势，随即趁势向右上勾出。

7、鹅勾折是浮鹅勾的快速简便写法，如“光”字。写法是依势落笔写短斜竖，随即折笔向右上勾出。鹅勾折的折处要圆润遒丽，用笔要流畅明净。

行书偏旁

行书偏旁一定要根据与其所搭配的单体的长短、肥瘦,大小不同而有所变化，不能千篇一律。此外，部首一定要与其所搭配的单体互相呼应。呼应的方法，或者借助于楷书用意连，或者借助于草书用形连。形连时要注意既要靠牵丝，又要靠笔势，过多地使用牵丝，如果形连势不能连，整个字仍是盘散沙。

食字旁

侧锋落笔写撇，随即回锋写横勾折，接着顺势写竖仰勾。整个食字旁线条清楚匀称，是一笔写成。

衣字旁

首点向左下带出一点以呼应下一笔，撇点用撇提代替，改变示字旁的书写顺序。

弓字旁

先落笔写横折，再翻笔写横折勾。弓字旁的弓须一气呵成，不能用两笔或三笔写成。

虫字旁

落笔写短斜竖，再顺势写横竖折，接着回锋写下横，然后翻笔向上写竖折挑，为了便于书写，行书虫字旁的一点往往省掉。

马字旁

落笔写出折勾，再回笔写竖横折勾，最后顺势写下横。下横一般写成挑画，以便书写右面点画。

页字旁

页字旁主要是在右部。其第一横要稍长，抗肩，中间用小撇画，不要太长，撇画的起笔位置稍靠左，第二个撇画的弯度较大一些，但不要写的太长，最后撇画带出小钩，呼应最后一点。

舌字旁

首先平撇要短，角度稍平，竖写短，横可稍长，但口字要写小。所以偏旁整体要小。

田字旁

田字旁也是写小，且整体稍向右上斜。

行书章法

行书是介于楷书和草书之间的书体，是日常生活书写中最常用最流行的书体。尤以钢笔行书为最。行书笔画、结构有一定的伸缩性，形态又多变化，丰富奇彩、意到笔随，可塑性大，利于发挥艺术效果，实用价值更是超过其它书体。一副得意之作，通篇结构，引领管带，首尾呼应，一气呵成，各尽意志，气适流动，起伏随势，巧布虚陈，寄情寓意，无不淋漓尽致，酣畅爽快，令人赏心悦目。这些都说明章法在行书创作中显得尤为重要。

章法特点

行书由于笔画、结构变化较大，形体各异，加之书写风格不同，因而即使同一字也会出现多种形态，有肥瘦、长短、方圆、雄浑、挺拨、俊秀等差别。正是这些差别，使行书作品千姿百态，异彩纷呈，构成了不同的气韵的章法。因此，行书的谋篇布局较楷书要灵活得多，具有如下特点：

笔势多取纵势

由于行书笔画活泼流动，笔画之间有牵纵行带，前字的末笔与后字的首笔连带密切，如取纵势，更显得如行云流水，气韵贯通，给人以一气呵成之势。

疏密变化自如

行书除笔画、结构有疏密变化外，在整体布局中通过改变字形的大小、长短、字态的肥瘦、俯仰，能自由地调整疏密位置与布白，达到疏密得当，布白奇妙的效果。

参差错落有致

行书不仅仅笔画、结体各部分及字与字之间有参差变化外，而且行与行之间及通篇亦有错落变化，这样，整体布局显得活泼灵动，妙趣横生。

行气直抒胸臆

由于行书书写速度较快，行笔之时情法于中、笔情交融，最能直接表达书者的情感，增加作品的感染力。

谋篇技巧

以动为主

楷书的章法以静为主要特征，给人以平和稳定、一丝不苟、不激不厉和端正严肃的感觉；行书章法则以动为主要特征，给人以生动飘逸和富有生命活力的感觉。

前人出书法要“师造化”，凡在现实生活中能见到的动作姿态，都可借鉴到行、草书中去，以增强行书作品的动感，丰富其内涵和底蕴。多欣赏和临写古今行书大家作品，也是培养书写动感的有效途径。我们不能用楷书的结体和章法来写行书，这样会使作品显得沉快无生气。

虽然行书强调动感，但并不是随意为之、不要法度，它仍要遵循一定的规律，以严谨求灵变，避免过于放纵。

以不齐求齐

楷书要求字的上下左右间隔匀称，排列整齐，以工整规范为美。行书则要求字形有大小，间隔有疏密排列，有错落变化，以局部的不整齐求得整体的平衡、稳定和齐整，以变化为美。一幅好的行书作品，初看起来一行一行排列得很整齐，行与行之间的距离也相等，一气呵成，浑然一体，气韵生动，但细看起来，我们不难发现，字与字并不对齐，有的偏左，有的偏右，左右动荡不写，行与行之间的距离也不相等，有的紧，有的松，没有定则，即所谓的“行书无写法”，需要我们多实践、多体会。

具有节奏变化

一幅好的行书作品，就象一首抒情的歌曲，时而婉转平和，时而高亢豪迈，时而如行云流水，时而如电闪雷鸣，几经曲折，波澜起伏。这些都是书者书写时情感的自然渲泄，这种渲泻是有节奏的，体现了行书作品的节奏美。

前后呼应

行书作品最注重首字，应静心写好文稿第一字，以统领全篇。要使行书的章法显得严谨而又富于变化，一定要注意前后呼应关系，要意在笔先，事先考虑好前后字的衔接问题。

书写姿势

坐姿

正确的书写姿势不只是为了好看，还可以使书写技能得到充分、有效地发挥，有助于书写者的身心健康。书写姿势同时也反映出书写者的修养，只有身正才会字正。正确的姿势应是头正、身直、肩平、胸舒、臂开、足安。

1、头部端正：头要居中，稍向前下方俯视，眼睛与纸面一尺距离，不可俯得太低，也不可左偏、右斜。

2、身直肩平：臀部平坐于椅子中间大部，不能扭向一边，两肩平齐，上身不弯曲，使上身重心安稳。

3、臂开胸舒：两臂自然开张，两肘平放桌面，保持一线，腹背挺直，胸口与桌沿保持一拳距离，使呼吸顺畅。

4、腿开足安：两腿分开，与肩同宽，自然下垂，内侧保持平行，两脚平放地上，使全身平衡。正确的书写姿势，才能使字写得端正，重心平衡。同时，正确的姿势也会给人的身体带来益处。

握姿

执笔方法不正确，不但妨碍书写姿势，影响书写质量，还会给书写者身心健康带来危害，不可忽视。根据笔的自身特点，硬笔是三指执笔法，斜拿。

正确的执笔方法：

①用拇指、食指、中指三个指头捏住笔杆（三指处于同一平面）；

②指尖距笔尖约2.5cm~3cm（两指左右）；

③所有指关节都向外弯；

④笔杆位于食指的根部（如下图）。

同时，还要做到：

①指实：拇指、食指、中指来自三方的力量，处在与笔杆垂直的同一圆角上，将笔杆夹牢，松紧适度。

②掌虚：无名指和小指紧随中指下部依次靠拢，并向掌心弯曲、虛握。小指的整个底部形成一个环形底座，虚贴桌面。

③杆斜：笔杆向右后方倾斜，紧靠在食指第三关节与虎口方向，与桌面呈45°角。如果写较大的字，手指向前伸直，笔杆与纸面角度减小；书写较小的字手指向掌心收缩，笔杆与纸面角度大，宜于精離细琢。

工具

选笔

钢笔

钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位，较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。适合练字的钢笔，日笔应该比欧笔更适合一些。推荐白金3776，百乐78G，写乐21K等。

关于练习钢笔的选择，我们可以遵从以下原则：

（1）不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习；

（2）不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题；

（3）不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔，尽量做到成本控制，贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。

中性笔

中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点，是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中，日常生活中，大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。

推荐适合练字的中性笔

1、国产中性笔宝克PC-1168，这款笔无论从握持手感、出水流畅度、品控还是书写感受方面，都属于第一梯队的，一点也不比那些昂贵的进口中性笔差。

2、百乐P700和P500，其实就是0.7和0.5，笔感超级顺滑，而且出水不多不少，非常好写，这么出名是有原因的。可能看不出来，但0.5确实比0.7的更细。练字推荐用0.7，0.5的可以日常用。

中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则：

（1）书写流度，笔触顺骨，笔画饱满，墨色均匀；

（2）握笔舒适度，长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感；

（3）墨干燥速度，书写时不会被谱黑就行。

其他笔

除了钢笔和中性笔，其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多，最为常见的有铅笔，圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。

纸张

练习纸种类繁多，常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等，练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础，初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等，随着阶段的变化，练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助，达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序，不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。

重点：从脱离米字格到白纸，练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习，不属于完全转换状态。

另外，有以下几个点可以注意：

（1）当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题，建议换纸。

（2）不要使用线格过小的纸，选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。

（3）不要刻意追求“好”纸，硬笔行书的练习对纸的要求较低。

字帖

如果基础比较差，或者追求没那么高，可以从现代字帖练，比较容易上手。如果想追求书法或者有一定基础，那么就要多临摹古帖了。硬笔临摹古帖，初学以赵孟頫行楷《妙严寺》、《胆巴碑》过度，再以《赤壁赋》、《吴兴赋》入手，然后可以临文征明等二王一路的帖。或者直接以李邕《法华寺》入手。以上字帖，要下大功夫临摹，专注一本，长期熏修，悟到行书精髓，然后可以遍临诸家。

推荐字帖

1、田英章的字帖

田英章的硬笔字，刚中带柔，舒展洒脱。

以下是田英章老师的一些作品：

2、李放鸣字帖

李放鸣字的风格与田英章老师较为相近。其书法字帖因选材独特、版式新颖、印刷精美，被许多学校作为指定书法教材，在全国首届硬笔书法系列评比中获书家组“十佳字帖”奖，

以下是李放鸣老师的一些作品：

3、司马彦行书

司马彦的行书相当棒特别适合初学者临习，临他的字帖其优点是不容易走偏而且有利于将来的发展是国内目前少有的即有名气又有实力的书法家，他的行书字帖是国内许多院校硬笔行书的必修课。

书写注意的问题

钢笔行书的幅式有中堂条幅、条屏、对联、横幅、长卷、扇面等幅式。

钢笔行书函文的书写形式，也有竖写和横写两种方式。常用的排列方式，与楷书大体接近。一般用单线稿纸或无格纸书写较多，方格纸用得较少。

钢笔行书的落款，款文要用本体或行草书写，款文字形要小于正文，钤印的印章宁少勿多，1-2方足矣。印章的大小，应等于或略大于款文，但不得大于正文。钤印位置要与正文相呼应，起到活跃布局、平衡作品的作用。

(一)要以楷书为基础，在结构和用笔两方面练好扎实的基本功。行书的用笔和结构虽然较楷书有所变化，但还没有达到草书“解散楷体”的程度。因此，学习行书必须要具备一定的楷书基础。

(二)要重视临摹。行书虽然承袭楷书，但笔画、部首和结体都发生了一些规律性的变化。这些规律性的变化、写法，就要通过临摹去掌握，而不能随心所欲。

(三)不宜过分强调和滥用行书的用笔特点。前面讲了行书诸多特点，在书写中适当运用能给字增色，但如果过分追求和滥用某一方面的特点，就会走向反面。如，笔笔相连，就会造成圈眼密布而形同蛛网。

(四)学习行书宜从部首开始。行书在长期使用过程中形成了一些约定俗成的写法，熟悉和掌握这些部首的写法，就能了解行书的造形规律，收到举一反三之效。

坚持练字

当我们学习一项新技能，坚持这件事无疑是学习过程中最重要的事，也是最难做到的事，练字也是这样。

想要坚持就得有大的决心，然后培养出习惯，并且能体会到练字给自己带来的乐趣。在坚持的过程中，能够得到来自别人和自己的肯定。

所以，不妨列一个计划，树立一个可以达到的目标。前期的目标不能追求质的改变，需要做量的积累。例如，我要临写琴赋，我每周要认真的练10个字。我第一天可以通临一遍，我第三十天的时候再通临一遍。可以做一次比较。如果认真练，一个月，成果还是能激励到自己的。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书，是一种书法统称，分为行楷和行草两种。在楷书的基础上发展，是介于楷书、草书之间的一种字体，是为了弥补楷书的书写速度太慢和草书的难于辨认而产生的。\"行\"是\"行走\"的意思，因此它不像草书那样潦草，也不像楷书那样端正。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYooE6s02q6YwaIX4hu9uoh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCmOEs00igwWECGZNmciYhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书作为一种有别于其他字体的独立字体，自然在笔画形态、用笔方法、部首写法以及结构上都有其自身的一些特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngkAmU6qiK4i8Qv6BxHNrRh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行笔增速","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw6GEi4esci8uQI1iR5Lh6N"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的行笔增速是相对楷书而言的。行书在增速上，不仅表现在笔画与笔画出现牵丝映带、以圆转代替方折，还表现在笔顺的改变和以简代繁甚至借用草书的一些写法上等等。但是在书写时不能为了快而快，造成笔笔相连如蜘蛛网一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4A2qasEiuWUYkZ1dqB2YKg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画线条多变","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAC0IEe8smUMWUNkE65pqFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷如立，行如走，行书的走体现在笔画的流动性而形成的动感上。起笔多以露锋起笔，笔画之间增加呼应等，下面仅从四个方便加以说明：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmo2EUA2QyQYQOpRuAKjWVN"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"附笔连接","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKO8U08cWWeECqYPIfYOYFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓附笔，就是一个字的原来笔画顺势而出现的附加笔画（比较细、比较虚）。如点、横画与下面的笔画衔接时，出现附钩；与上面的笔画衔接时出现附挑；长撇收笔处往往出现明显的起钩，看上去与“钩”没有什么不同，实际上是撇画的附钩。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng40Ayk4sOochdaUkUaDoRc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":108,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"附笔连接","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/43efcea54da646f6a1d8588dd9acbb05","width":573},"text":"","id":"doxcne4MYO0e0MSEOaqWW5DscEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这些附钩、附挑与上笔、下笔连接的呼应关系极为明显，使笔画脉络相通，活泼流畅、动感十足。但要注意，这些附钩、附挑的出现，是行笔过程中起笔和收笔留下的自然痕迹，不可有意去描摹追求。否则会失去天然美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQosAsCSGaCgIWgLBtZK6cf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以圆代方","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnke0eqiaMQIEkckKTrA1cjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的转折笔画，方笔明显减少，而以圆代替方折，这是由于行笔增快的原因。转折处省略了提按的顿笔，圆转而过，使笔画圆润自然。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMIigaa6YeQ0cqQPyA7Bwrh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以圆代方","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3df66880e13941ed8c28a0a9e89433cc","width":595},"text":"","id":"doxcnSw6iMMO06ssymyB1twoYmh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"变直为弧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00YcUQm8uSGQuGKq3NljJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书要求横平竖直，而行书的横竖由于行笔增快，为了增强笔画之间的呼应关系，长横和长竖的写法有的稍带弧形。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaKskOi0sY4KGakHWIsQk3z"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":116,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"变直为弧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9e2e62322ec94f59a612fbba339eeec5","width":613},"text":"","id":"doxcnGqo4eSEKUUwSwTXTYrUHic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"但不是所有的横、竖都作弧形，如中竖就要挺直，即便是稍带有弧形的笔画，也要有一定的力度，柔中见刚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYi0UGKweOYA4KkT58rn5T2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGiaEmcsGagIm4OSsc9z8bc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的笔画各自独立，其笔画数目严格遵循汉字规范，一个字由几个笔画就写几个笔画。写行书时，为了书写简便，往往将相邻的笔画连写，合并线条，或对楷书的某些部位做了简化，减少起、收笔的次数。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsQQsMgoM2A402yVHiHyPUv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的钩画，在书写行书时，多省略了起钩。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6eyqgoGoem08SsWngD7f3f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":98,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5157921230054b6a804143ae8d7756e6","width":628},"text":"","id":"doxcnK6KygmS0QoOUwjHQ8geBXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的基本笔画点画，可以代替横、竖、撇、捺笔画。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmYOkwSwUuW4YMRE6knAXNc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":122,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0e5dfc7fa63741c0942da7d934e3acb5","width":610},"text":"","id":"doxcnaoEGQ0IMI62yuwFnncnP1u"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的部首在楷书的基础上出现连笔，减少了笔画数，使书写更加方便。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8CEO06kGaGiWK2FYjnhIe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":131,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4eea97e5508746bfafdcbd6380762cc7","width":624},"text":"","id":"doxcnsOuGiIi2ySsEamQ4uXeCXe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔顺变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOWYccUaQYoYwYVjno6mVFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的笔顺大部分遵循楷书笔顺规则，但为了连写便捷，一篇字中有时会出现一些人们习惯使用的行草书字形，有些字就改变了常规的笔画顺序。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"如图","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"（楷书6笔，行书3笔）：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkYCYuqeCYaI683GEkwio1e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":101,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔顺变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c17aacf9e7d443d9af3e061371e27185","width":578},"text":"","id":"doxcnYQsY0AQiQM60SIwbqdCQZe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8ekquqcSwW6gc1HfDZZy7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书的笔画较之楷书发生了一些变化，其结果也随着带来了变化。大体有以下几种情况：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYcayiScyO4ksEpwQUWCpCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、一个字有多种写法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0SE0GGqO0UeUiIHM8D5oDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如“是”字下半部分，“花”字的字头，写得有放有缩，同中有异，多样而统一，颇有趣味。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEIYGeI42OG8QGOOxMNGnTd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":204,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6533086ba36547b8b87ccf77e41669a1","width":483},"text":"","id":"doxcnQyEiqUKeqUyo8LDxLzsHJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.打破楷书端庄方正的束缚，略带攲斜，自成新的体势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnekuEeAGmUas0eW6kEGNm5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如横画可以较大幅度上斜，笔画的走向也可以略偏离原来楷书的轨道。这就在不同程度上改变了楷书的体势，使整篇字中的个体和群体都变得自由活泼了，避免了楷书的呆板。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIqUEEeswYSKAARJKgVX2Ff"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":118,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4d239260d0e2409ca39134892ee5fd44","width":589},"text":"","id":"doxcnK6GK8OwqqoCqkpbuAXc8bg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书运笔技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn286meS28OAIS2SImTeo2kb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画运行","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn66mcsMAg8ME2uClYQvkzCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行书的基本笔画，在书写时都有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oiwWqqI0W6K0ceOnst56d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓起笔，就是开始书写笔画笔尖触纸时的下笔；行笔，就是书写笔画的中间运笔；收笔，就是笔画书写结束时的用笔。如写横画，左为起笔，中为行笔，右为收笔，等等。起笔有轻有重，行笔有快有慢，收笔有回有露。例如：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngAEsqoQ4iqSyIt9czBdsYd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":117,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画运行","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e5550fda0e724504b4a7cfabec85f9da","width":608},"text":"","id":"doxcnu0I8C6QSkQu6wC8uxXsIXY"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提笔、按笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOKMO0aw0YYycCmpOuXS0uc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行书的用笔也讲究提按，以增强笔画的粗细变化和轻重的节奏。所谓提笔，就是笔从纸面提起，笔尖触纸力度小，笔画要细；所谓按笔，就是笔尖在纸上往下按，笔尖触纸力度大，笔画要粗一些。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUQUQyqSI20yqa7sL7G9oS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提笔、按笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb829dfa114342c1b1d120b82128d91a","width":635},"text":"","id":"doxcnekasEsoeoe4mu0Nonrjcle"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔、折笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkwSKqK2EUKaIOcl4UC3Ewf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔，一般是向上取逆势，上一笔接下一笔出现的钩挑。如“古”字的横，“人”、“有”的撇都是用翻笔写成的。折笔，一般是向下、向右取顺势，如“口”字的横折、“山”字的竖折，都是用这笔写成的。不论翻笔、折笔，都要求用笔慢而有力。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyu6isAmOi4mGTUsHEOHMyl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":116,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔、折笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b1566e92225f47ac8128398586fefccf","width":604},"text":"","id":"doxcn8mko4OE4Isik4sE9kDYhOb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYUSKSkE6ecGYOyGakZ6Ece"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔主要取字的姿态，笔画的下笔处比较方折，显得刚劲有力。如“五、方”等字的长横，“永、广”等字的侧点，“志”字的中竖，“个”字的斜撇等，都是侧笔写成的。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnickAgMqO4cSeqQWjFp2fOb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":118,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fa7f0a34b11e466daacfa620b13a675e","width":615},"text":"","id":"doxcniOQqoe8GSea4KwF9bGE8oc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIkieauKK2cIEyGYClkTTTT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔，书写时故意放慢行笔速度，认为制造行笔阻力。目的在于强调线条的质感，多用于竖钩、竖弯钩等笔画。如图：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmuAC2coEcoyaMtuxgMHeg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/796b89d418b74d4fb95578b8d915c6f9","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcngyyMMII2u0YoQH0KHwRW9d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"游笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncg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"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、悬针竖是指竖画下面尖尖的如针倒悬，如“半”字。写法是落笔略顿，接着由上而下、由重而轻写竖画。悬针竖要如针垂直端悬，不能东斜西倒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGEuSO0UIEKwERGIXzMqXd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb48104f6dcb4251b37a602a9ae8a61c","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcnSAy0YIQgoW8QkZfG88gPdf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、垂露竖是指竖画下面不失如露水倒垂，如“申”字。写法是落笔略顿，接着由上而下写竖画，至末端再略顿一下，回锋收笔。垂露竖的两端用笔重而中间用笔轻，两端书写速度慢而中间书写速度快，竖中带挺呈曲势，如人挺立，显得精神饱满。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEMqY8OiweUaEwfryAYZwlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bd46d063791041759713fe5ebe89ebbc","width":115},"text":"","id":"doxcns6ooS2yy0UywOQZTPz5ypd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、曲勾竖是指竖画下端带曲勾，如“抑”字。写法是写好一竖后，末端收笔时顺势向左下迅速勾出。曲勾竖的竖中略带曲势，并非一味地端直。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWocOQWKQ6E8C23aBQquN0e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9366914ce194466188ab4e027d8395d6","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcniCkCySYaogCMy8CgtzOdad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、仰勾竖是指竖画下端带仰勾，如“隆”字。写法是落笔写竖画，至末端再用力向右上勾出。。仰勾竖与曲勾竖的差别是前者仰勾向上、由左而右，后者曲勾向下、由右而左；前者是承上笔，后者是启下画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyaSKUuKC2KqK617H2GW7Pb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0cec2d06716041579f604fabd587e68b","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnuse6KUEuUEUCcRJx1mLSfc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkuQgYUGGYCWmu1xqsHOvdb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、回锋撇是指撇画下端回锋向上，如“化”字。写法是落笔稍重，随着向左下写撇，至撇尾再回锋向上收笔。因为撇尾回锋收笔，并非出锋收笔。所以撇尾不失而圆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwSKsUSWqMCAAEpqutNwPhg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/dbd2fd69962a4b97884cf9930efe819e","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnUq28SS4m06OaSONR4T0JOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、挑脚撇是指撇画下端挑脚向上，如“今”字。写法与回锋撇同，只是收笔时挑脚而出呈勾状。一般说，回锋撇往往是撇后写竖，笔势角度小，挑脚撇往往是撇后写捺，笔势角度大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIM4cMOeC4E0qoVwwpW0EBe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":57,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7a7698feb2274116ab7c38562ead19e1","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnWCqy8UgkWqyGCUQT3Bah3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、斜撇斜撇是楷书写法，撇端尖尖的，如“余”字。写法是落笔稍重，然后逐渐提笔向左下撇出，撇时要轻灵不要迟疑，而且力要送到撇尖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUkQgCIQmcASsrU1PSoWOg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2254d52a351348588d05afdff6ea3320","width":98},"text":"","id":"doxcnqWGEuY4uQUcABH3xLQVtIm"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、平撇平撇在字头，短小而平，如“重”字。写法是落笔重，略顿，随后提笔迅速撇出。平撇的形态有点象鸟啄，短小尖锐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSAI4mCuscQM4AZkOe8sg7b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f2b93fa157ad4e95ac4b30049f287bf3","width":102},"text":"","id":"doxcn4w2CiuQGqGIqSogyuvEIuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn20memQssyuI0stjz1MXDUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、斜捺是指捺画斜而长，如“秦”字。斜捺在汉字中往往与斜撇相配，如同人的左右手。写法是顺着撇势轻落笔，略横行，接着转笔向右下方写。捺时要稍用力，随即向右平捺出。斜捺的形态是一波三折，故又称“波画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS8wcu6CoSyWUuC7luiH6Ef"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3930b2e9ca614eba99d5bb3354a3fbce","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnY2cuQQ2MYwSSecUkPVdJtd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、回锋捺是指斜捺的捺脚收笔处不是出锋而是回锋，如“天”字。写法与斜捺同，只是最后回锋收笔，露出下尖勾，目的是为了书写下一字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00Uo80MmSWQ8Yziod0jWig"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/decdb32317d54cb59b0e9d3db41d8867","width":106},"text":"","id":"doxcnkWSUUAcqKsAcMHBwADjOIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、反捺是从斜捺、回锋捺变化而来，如“木”字。写法是轻落笔，触纸后徐徐用力向右下行笔，然后用力向左下勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyoUMMs0KMq4IQTiqai28Xd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6e8d47b4d6644d58e08890a4cd2ebac","width":101},"text":"","id":"doxcnA48ssUU6AQCWmyJoiZstcb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、圆曲捺是指游水捺的三弯处圆曲如环。写法是先落笔写一点，接着顺势写一竖，再提笔向右拐弯，然后回锋或藏锋收笔。写回曲捺要注意两点，一是拐弯要圆曲不能生硬，二是捺尾要圆浑不能尖利。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0i8ywawgaaaU53p6qQ18b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0caa16393ccc4988b79c44a7197fed93","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnEGQK8oGi28I62ym38KMdWq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、平捺在字的下面起托的作用，因比字头或字中的斜捺角度较小波画较平而名之，如“之”字。写法是回锋落笔，略横，随着向右下用笔，然后用力平平捺出。平捺与斜捺一样，形态是一波三折，有一种流动的势态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEaGgmIScg4yMoL8sJt1IKb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":56,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b3c13c69712402ba6bccbda7726d2d6","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnOgO002K2Eg8G4Vh3Vfwh2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、挑勾捺是指平捺的捺脚上挑，如“超”字。写法是写好平捺后，捺脚不平出，而是顺势上挑成勾状，目的是为了便于写“走”字里面的部分。挑勾捺其实是在平捺快写后顺着笔势自然形成的一种写法，不可勉强为之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEOMgg68YwSouGkh1NHmCTf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmIM0wg6Y4aIyaSGfbCqCJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、短挑是挑画的一种，线条短小，如“地”字。短挑在行书中是承着其他点画书写而出，短小精锐，恰似一把短剑。写法是落笔后略顿，随即逐渐提笔用力挑出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEWGcM8GI8Q6qoF49kXcPld"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":51,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/af679e94750045e3b77df45fa15d474b","width":100},"text":"","id":"doxcnW0uyq6IyKmmSy6PkudqHff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、撇折挑是指撇和挑连写，如“福”字。写法是先写一撇，然后折笔用力向右上迅速挑出，撇折挑要注意折处，书写时点画务必交待清楚，不能含含糊糊，拖泥带水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4g8sq2E6AkeOys9eLkHIke"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63751c0e22424addb80faf972a47db5b","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnuWCEyKWOuC6s8PV6hhl0pf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuOYcgSEq8EmS4QX8PE1UFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蟹爪勾是指竖勾屈曲似蟹爪，如“寺”字。写法是先写竖画，然后转笔向左行笔，再翻笔向上勾出。蟹爪勾是竖勾的变化写法，形态优美、线条雄健、气势酣畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqGwW8uucc4okquXfu1Iz6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7e48cdc805554452b3e2ac528253094c","width":106},"text":"","id":"doxcnmcqwMCuSomAU2VO2H56Uje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、戈勾即戈字勾，如“戊”字。写法是侧锋落笔，然后纵笔而下，勾时用力翻笔向上勾出。戈画平中带弧有韧劲，刚中含柔见纵势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneIAEeiQsAisScv2zhC19Wd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/56309326ba27493fad395457ea90b9ff","width":109},"text":"","id":"doxcn2sWu6cSwoUQIagLJ0gXPHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、背抛勾是指从背面反抛勾出，如“夙”字。写法是顺势写上横画，拐弯时折笔而下，然后宛转提笔写下弯画，再翻笔向左上勾出。背抛勾转弯抹角处不能生硬有棱角，勾尖要向内，对着字心首画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneA6WGqWa08WcgtWYZlo7bc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0ff9884f8c974e1d835c3be8a0a1b6d1","width":111},"text":"","id":"doxcni48aw2ygGaueEXTgi0fPkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、浮鹅勾因形同白鹅浮绿水而名，如“毛”字。写法是落笔稍重，接着用笔向下写直画，随即提笔拐弯写横，最后翻笔向上勾出。浮鹅勾要鹅头高昂，鹅身平正，方正中呈圆势，态度雍容大方，气宇轩昂不几。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8KCauImwe6AiSEiYsnwzYg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e82bfa94f8304916b3f57fb04487a4f0","width":113},"text":"","id":"doxcnIgc2WYK2uWQ26BXelFJ3Ad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、回锋勾如同回锋捺是斜捺的快写形式一样，回锋勾是浮鹅勾的快写形式，如“也”字。写法是顺势写竖横圆曲折，然后翻笔由上绕一小圈向下勾出。回锋勾与浮鹅勾的不同处除了勾的形式和方向不一样外，是回锋勾的竖横向内圆曲而浮鹅勾的竖横向外开拓。向内圆曲的比较宛转流利，向外开拓的比较雄健挺拔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQs8iweaQK8e4EdPKOJQHdl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/551a5d92616b47d0bc9eda60761fbcdc","width":110},"text":"","id":"doxcnyU04Y0i2acIuozMvyOzlSb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQQ8s20aSK8ESahD9M899g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、横勾折是指横画加折勾，如“罪”字。写法是落笔先写横画，折时稍用力向左下方勾出。横勾折不仅要横与勾的笔画分明，而且转折要自然有力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWio8e02SYoAeQbaBlG2Hte"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7f731cde47ed4e01957fd1269311c80d","width":112},"text":"","id":"doxcnwYkoSe6ayIw2cxjYtbxLrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、竖勾折是指竖画加折勾，如“问”字。写法是先写竖画，要心胸挺起，折时不妨笔略提起，再顿下去，然后迅速向左上勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQm4Eao4aqKKw0lLitNFtb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"t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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnskckguQUkAiOaOq0mEPaZg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":170,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"食字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7a138106c2648259dfc5139a6c53464","width":683},"text":"","id":"doxcn8sooCSyYuEuWmiJHQUlQjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"衣字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8weuAWyMEwOuaz7nBePYf7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首点向左下带出一点以呼应下一笔，撇点用撇提代替，改变示字旁的书写顺序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOUi6ocKee4wEgxutajZ0ug"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":178,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"衣字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0228c3b959664403988e2278d38e45d7","width":603},"text":"","id":"doxcnm044EWWyysAgKOz7kzuh0d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"弓字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQoSaoCCQGSEouEqkI0Mt1V"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先落笔写横折，再翻笔写横折勾。弓字旁的弓须一气呵成，不能用两笔或三笔写成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkYSu64sIuM8kEVA00RUYge"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":143,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"弓字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7e7daa952ab245bb9421064c84c4df42","width":603},"text":"","id":"doxcnCI6m6QgMOu046KVUu1wVyf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"虫字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncuIAKskk2k6eWMBytYHUIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"落笔写短斜竖，再顺势写横竖折，接着回锋写下横，然后翻笔向上写竖折挑，为了便于书写，行书虫字旁的一点往往省掉。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyk6kqwCUqqEW2RwzZ4n3ih"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":122,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"虫字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce7d01b53893425f94091d1e7aa0525f","width":616},"text":"","id":"doxcnKQwUa42qiGgQ4XMINBjERg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"马字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqe6eOKia20mI1EpDYjbEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"落笔写出折勾，再回笔写竖横折勾，最后顺势写下横。下横一般写成挑画，以便书写右面点画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaWIkyqaUog64IXUTVzmjpd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":152,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ef33f00d92bc4c82b4b5e4d2db483403","width":637},"text":"","id":"doxcni42mMSs2E2AOuIVn5LBdR1"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYgAMQAkmUM8yMnjyyPcyJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁主要是在右部。其第一横要稍长，抗肩，中间用小撇画，不要太长，撇画的起笔位置稍靠左，第二个撇画的弯度较大一些，但不要写的太长，最后撇画带出小钩，呼应最后一点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnggWey8I8Qy2gp6EKTxTgrr"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/da261ebd1ebb45b689a6af207648eb84","width":499},"text":"","id":"doxcnGe2wGsEeCkE4WS28zkaZdg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0WCQaSSMQ6U40ePMyOCRZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先平撇要短，角度稍平，竖写短，横可稍长，但口字要写小。所以偏旁整体要小。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw0QMekIIqY4MuoKDXqpNHg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":128,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"舌字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7afe032f97a941b6824b5da0a76d0dcb","width":629},"text":"","id":"doxcnukqYqKcCWCqISWTs6rNoEd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwiy4wqSwuEEAg1BTDW8gvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁也是写小，且整体稍向右上斜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQ6QCW62Acq0Ys0PILBIbS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":136,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/19d6720489ba498c9ae989be68a49c0d","width":614},"text":"","id":"doxcnU4AEwyO6UmKWnsuY5eX5Io"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书章法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0k2USuqGSugoCmR2YmrWAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书是介于楷书和草书之间的书体，是日常生活书写中最常用最流行的书体。尤以钢笔行书为最。行书笔画、结构有一定的伸缩性，形态又多变化，丰富奇彩、意到笔随，可塑性大，利于发挥艺术效果，实用价值更是超过其它书体。一副得意之作，通篇结构，引领管带，首尾呼应，一气呵成，各尽意志，气适流动，起伏随势，巧布虚陈，寄情寓意，无不淋漓尽致，酣畅爽快，令人赏心悦目。这些都说明章法在行书创作中显得尤为重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYWYK8W6Ky0U4I7p3ZGyLpe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"章法特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnscaOkQmK2ym2uuacwmDWBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书由于笔画、结构变化较大，形体各异，加之书写风格不同，因而即使同一字也会出现多种形态，有肥瘦、长短、方圆、雄浑、挺拨、俊秀等差别。正是这些差别，使行书作品千姿百态，异彩纷呈，构成了不同的气韵的章法。因此，行书的谋篇布局较楷书要灵活得多，具有如下特点：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAOUUCUEQ82MNIa8dy6Jqr"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔势多取纵势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnem6uwmIUgkUOCiIIHAVoEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书笔画活泼流动，笔画之间有牵纵行带，前字的末笔与后字的首笔连带密切，如取纵势，更显得如行云流水，气韵贯通，给人以一气呵成之势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncqai8YcC4qkEcJZZYp0wbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"疏密变化自如","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEe4IuQwQKco6ioVhPww3Yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书除笔画、结构有疏密变化外，在整体布局中通过改变字形的大小、长短、字态的肥瘦、俯仰，能自由地调整疏密位置与布白，达到疏密得当，布白奇妙的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngI8I8iWY4ggEETpYW4TWKg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"参差错落有致","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyY6McsoGiCAI49eIbJf1Yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书不仅仅笔画、结体各部分及字与字之间有参差变化外，而且行与行之间及通篇亦有错落变化，这样，整体布局显得活泼灵动，妙趣横生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkQa262qAS4Y44kebdWNjlc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行气直抒胸臆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWEUW0aSwKqwioL7kGZZbih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书书写速度较快，行笔之时情法于中、笔情交融，最能直接表达书者的情感，增加作品的感染力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAyKM0AU8QauAC89X8PETgg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"谋篇技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8g2yw6YQisMUewcHsiCBnc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以动为主","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQGCG264aiCOa62eig4dIyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的章法以静为主要特征，给人以平和稳定、一丝不苟、不激不厉和端正严肃的感觉；行书章法则以动为主要特征，给人以生动飘逸和富有生命活力的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnusII6oWAIeaeGO2l13qZgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前人出书法要“师造化”，凡在现实生活中能见到的动作姿态，都可借鉴到行、草书中去，以增强行书作品的动感，丰富其内涵和底蕴。多欣赏和临写古今行书大家作品，也是培养书写动感的有效途径。我们不能用楷书的结体和章法来写行书，这样会使作品显得沉快无生气。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSaqOeS0KomkCcB90z1cpjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然行书强调动感，但并不是随意为之、不要法度，它仍要遵循一定的规律，以严谨求灵变，避免过于放纵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn04CaAAAGGqYCkB74bKmj5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以不齐求齐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYaAUqMyEqaoGolGrLFSLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书要求字的上下左右间隔匀称，排列整齐，以工整规范为美。行书则要求字形有大小，间隔有疏密排列，有错落变化，以局部的不整齐求得整体的平衡、稳定和齐整，以变化为美。一幅好的行书作品，初看起来一行一行排列得很整齐，行与行之间的距离也相等，一气呵成，浑然一体，气韵生动，但细看起来，我们不难发现，字与字并不对齐，有的偏左，有的偏右，左右动荡不写，行与行之间的距离也不相等，有的紧，有的松，没有定则，即所谓的“行书无写法”，需要我们多实践、多体会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng0m6K4mIWIQuSTyRdR0iNC"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"具有节奏变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0mGoqc8CKiKuisjCYuI1rf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一幅好的行书作品，就象一首抒情的歌曲，时而婉转平和，时而高亢豪迈，时而如行云流水，时而如电闪雷鸣，几经曲折，波澜起伏。这些都是书者书写时情感的自然渲泄，这种渲泻是有节奏的，体现了行书作品的节奏美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk6oS4648y26OANLehr5Ayh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"前后呼应","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwCUi2miWAaOs9cTQCQNIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书作品最注重首字，应静心写好文稿第一字，以统领全篇。要使行书的章法显得严谨而又富于变化，一定要注意前后呼应关系，要意在笔先，事先考虑好前后字的衔接问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngiUEOuykEcou6ls65je4Ec"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkIiu0qG4ISKEWEV29p0Lhe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4wuicC8u4woolgT0iFfKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的书写姿势不只是为了好看，还可以使书写技能得到充分、有效地发挥，有助于书写者的身心健康。书写姿势同时也反映出书写者的修养，只有身正才会字正。正确的姿势应是头正、身直、肩平、胸舒、臂开、足安。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkMSswUI2WKAol2w4DioiKY"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":269,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6fbd5ad40e5d48c08d8cdab066bba81e","width":249},"text":"","id":"doxcnqm2uCmw0owUUY5OWH2KzUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、头部端正：头要居中，稍向前下方俯视，眼睛与纸面一尺距离，不可俯得太低，也不可左偏、右斜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAMQGGsCsMWSUpcK0JxSKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、身直肩平：臀部平坐于椅子中间大部，不能扭向一边，两肩平齐，上身不弯曲，使上身重心安稳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoUiYWyqyCYMED5LIMvyBoq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、臂开胸舒：两臂自然开张，两肘平放桌面，保持一线，腹背挺直，胸口与桌沿保持一拳距离，使呼吸顺畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0McKYqQOOsQU8lGajEQpze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、腿开足安：两腿分开，与肩同宽，自然下垂，内侧保持平行，两脚平放地上，使全身平衡。正确的书写姿势，才能使字写得端正，重心平衡。同时，正确的姿势也会给人的身体带来益处。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAwCCaoS8cUaUK4bwzdP1wb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn484YCWuqYCgQKKJJq1SqBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔方法不正确，不但妨碍书写姿势，影响书写质量，还会给书写者身心健康带来危害，不可忽视。根据笔的自身特点，硬笔是三指执笔法，斜拿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmkciww0WuyUa4iC5JCK6Ic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的执笔方法：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8A4cGIEUOYy0GW13CkCCOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用拇指、食指、中指三个指头捏住笔杆（三指处于同一平面）；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIywGmOiyoCcMgN2M7T7Nog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②指尖距笔尖约2.5cm~3cm（两指左右）；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc2QIceAcSgKAWGKahaJm8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③所有指关节都向外弯；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuScKqwMEoSUcys1lP97bCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④笔杆位于食指的根部（如下图）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyke2coyo0M6eXj1qhSuNs"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/05e3c3ad2ab54d9db375da93042949a5","width":382},"text":"","id":"doxcne0eiCmM0cG4U6p3INPuCMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时，还要做到：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnamykg6AwCq2Ac9h72enUCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①指实：拇指、食指、中指来自三方的力量，处在与笔杆垂直的同一圆角上，将笔杆夹牢，松紧适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnweCWAUYiyGeg2TkOOdNbBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②掌虚：无名指和小指紧随中指下部依次靠拢，并向掌心弯曲、虛握。小指的整个底部形成一个环形底座，虚贴桌面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA02SkuSikAEiSOc82XnAC8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③杆斜：笔杆向右后方倾斜，紧靠在食指第三关节与虎口方向，与桌面呈45°角。如果写较大的字，手指向前伸直，笔杆与纸面角度减小；书写较小的字手指向掌心收缩，笔杆与纸面角度大，宜于精離细琢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0EAes80guA0Gg9lxRjo0hb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOk6mywusO2IOkN3g9fTK2c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIOwM62Iy8uGU0alFfMMjUb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSaW8SwyIoEouaOmyhAUNVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位，较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。适合练字的钢笔，日笔应该比欧笔更适合一些。推荐白金3776，百乐78G，写乐21K等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUmI4aIokKw6cbKMEuVWDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于练习钢笔的选择，我们可以遵从以下原则：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn06GiYsWC4mq00ovgwEGzRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO2UQEqWkuQuQCIEGKZsrbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ42AKQqyYg6I8hGOKSkeOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔，尽量做到成本控制，贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni404gSg2e6WyMPg2b2F9Bb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":266,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ebd402ad33cc481485f01a3f2966ad1c","width":400},"text":"","id":"doxcn4uY6IYu2ICIw3EuOMlrjFG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmwuQmOGuS042gvVP3Id6ah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点，是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中，日常生活中，大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4OGuOsYGGC6iqaredoyuJY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐适合练字的中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoOmKaemOqcccEVs5KJ77Gg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、国产中性笔宝克PC-1168，这款笔无论从握持手感、出水流畅度、品控还是书写感受方面，都属于第一梯队的，一点也不比那些昂贵的进口中性笔差。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqEukCgewS60EcX2tvmYDVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、百乐P700和P500，其实就是0.7和0.5，笔感超级顺滑，而且出水不多不少，非常好写，这么出名是有原因的。可能看不出来，但0.5确实比0.7的更细。练字推荐用0.7，0.5的可以日常用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUek84A6OCEgOCw5UNMUhJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkkICQqo6Cm88u7WuiDWz7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）书写流度，笔触顺骨，笔画饱满，墨色均匀；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKe4siIGgSEsaaELXNWpi1H"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）握笔舒适度，长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwqUMSieS8gsAqyBuq40XIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）墨干燥速度，书写时不会被谱黑就行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyCssSI00Wq2cFm5hjXT7b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4dcba69431cf4cfa84922b64689b0d19","width":300},"text":"","id":"doxcnY8SCicMsOOis8J3zWX7Htb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSQ2s0gw8CIyYquSaWHLhKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了钢笔和中性笔，其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多，最为常见的有铅笔，圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEe2muKE6CeU2kfO5ezrUxe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":220,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6fb01c055f3c43c5b57a686afdac141d","width":220},"text":"","id":"doxcn084Uwumk8C8U068kJ9qbIg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸张","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoGqquMwA8CQYG2DKdolh3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习纸种类繁多，常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等，练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础，初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等，随着阶段的变化，练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助，达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序，不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS60ocSugMSWegNnbUyHQ2b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重点：从脱离米字格到白纸，练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习，不属于完全转换状态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnosQSwUYCgq66QJHLq094Ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另外，有以下几个点可以注意：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSugi6IWWKMKSWd3Ibp7GtZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题，建议换纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOOW42wEyY6EKcEt3OKSBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）不要使用线格过小的纸，选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQoU4AWmY4YmWMBLwAw1rf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）不要刻意追求“好”纸，硬笔行书的练习对纸的要求较低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UIMuwA4KiKQk95m4tnAMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1185,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸张","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9ddde4faa66f429dbd515d279930c598","width":790},"text":"","id":"doxcnqkWu80g8O6mAQr6qkPMw7f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUASa6Y2KiSaSSutOmuSNyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果基础比较差，或者追求没那么高，可以从现代字帖练，比较容易上手。如果想追求书法或者有一定基础，那么就要多临摹古帖了。硬笔临摹古帖，初学以赵孟頫行楷《妙严寺》、《胆巴碑》过度，再以《赤壁赋》、《吴兴赋》入手，然后可以临文征明等二王一路的帖。或者直接以李邕《法华寺》入手。以上字帖，要下大功夫临摹，专注一本，长期熏修，悟到行书精髓，然后可以遍临诸家。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnucQUMwau2sCUwfnACIbDgg"},{"type":"head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